Non-destructive 3D prospection at the Viking Age fortress Borgring, Denmark.

Non-invasive methods are increasingly important for understanding archaeological sites and their contexts.
Larger earth-built constructions are nevertheless still difficult to study without extensive excavations. At the
recently discovered Viking-Age ring fortress Borgring in Denmark a suite of non-destructive methods was applied
with the aim of understanding how this highly eroded earthen fortress was constructed, and investigating how
the construction of such a large monument altered the landscape. The methods were 1) residual relief modelling
of airborne laser scanning data, 2) electromagnetic induction (DualEM 421 s) survey combined with coring, and
3) soil magnetic susceptibility measurements all to produce a 3D model of the palaeo-landscape and the fortress.
We found that the narrow natural promontory was enlarged to make space for the construction of the fortress’
rampart. The magnetic susceptibility of turfs from the rampart showed that both wetland and upland areas were
alternately used for different compartments and explained the segmented anomalies comprising its construction.
The combined results revealed a better archaeological understanding of the construction of the rampart, that the
modifications of the landscape was somewhat comparative to the contemporary Fyrkat ring fortress site, and that
the understanding of the landscape modifications were improved significantly by a multi-method 3D approach.